Aves | 
Procellariiformes | 
Procellariidae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range				
				
					Ecology				
				
			
			
				Pelagic; depth range 0 - 66 m (Ref. 58635), usually 1 - 14 m (Ref. 58635).  Tropical; 21°C - 31°C (Ref. 96995)			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Indo-Pacific, Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean.  Tropical to temperate.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
			
			
				Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 46.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 8812); max. published weight: 570.00 g (Ref. 356)			
			
			
							
				
				
					
						Culmen: 4.04 cm; tarsus: 5.13 cm; wing: 31.0 cm.					
				
				
						
			
			
			
			
				
					Total Length:  41 to 46 cm; Wingspan:  97 to 104 cm (Ref. 8812). Occupies ridges and burrows.  Form small breeding colonies on headlands and the tops of coastal cliffs; found in groups of burrows rather than spread out (Ref. 89480).  Colonial breeder on oceanic islands.  Typically gregarious at sea; does not trail ships (Ref. 91362).  Found along seashores (Ref. 83946) and the continental shelf.  Exhibits pursuit-plunging and surface-diving (Ref. 81748).  Feeding mode:  contact dipping (birds flew close to the surface to catch their prey); feeding on the surface (birds catch their prey from a sitting position or surface dive); air dipping (observed infrequently; birds catch the flying fish) (Ref. 96995).				
			
			
			
			
			
				Life cycle and mating behavior				
					Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
			
			
				
					Breeding season is dependent on the area:  from April to November in northern subtropical Pacific localities; from October to May in southern subtropical Pacific localities; breeding cycle in tropical Pacific localities extends the eight-month breeding season of those in the subtropical Pacific.				
			
			
			
			
			
				Eriksen, J. and R. Victor 2013 Oman Bird List: the official list of the birds of the Sulatante of Oman (7th Edition). Centre for Environmental Studies & Research, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman, 288 pp. (Ref. 129478)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						IUCN Red List Status    
						 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				CITES status   (Ref. 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				Threat to humans  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Human uses  
			
			
							
			
			
				 | FishSource | 			
			
			
			
			
			
Tools
			
			
			
			
				
					More information				
				
					 Population dynamicsGrowthMax. ages / sizesLength-weight rel.Length-length rel.Length-frequenciesMass conversionAbundance   Life cycleReproductionMaturityFecunditySpawningEggsEgg developmentLarvae   PhysiologyOxygen consumption
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  
			 
			
			
			
				Internet sources
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
									
						Preferred temperature  					
				 (Ref. 
115969): 17.9 - 28.3, mean 26.2 (based on 1116 cells).			
 
			
			
			
							
					Resilience  				
				
				
					High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (K=8.46-24.15).				
			
			
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).					
				
						
						
			
									
						Price category  					
					
					Unknown.