Gastropoda | 
Littorinimorpha | 
Littorinidae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range				
				
					Ecology				
				
			
			
				Benthic; depth range 0 - 200 m (Ref. 83435).  Polar; 78°N -   34°N, 141°E -   42°E			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Northern Atlantic, Northern Pacific and the Arctic:  from Japan to Alaska and California, and north to Svalbard.  Circumpolar to subtropical.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
			
			
				Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 1.3 cm DL male/unsexed; (Ref. 83435); max. reported age: 1.00 years (Ref. 8702)			
			
			
						
			
			
			
			
				
					Maximum depth from Ref. 118693.  To 1.6 cm in size (unit not given) (Ref. 95344). Found on rocky shores along the intertidal zone.  Abundant in some areas (Ref. 95344).  Mesograzer (Ref. 118689).  Feeds and lives on a variety of macroalgae in rocky subtidal zone, including Fucus distichus edentatus, Chondrus crispus, Fucus serratus, Mastocarpus stellatus and Laurencia pinnatiada.  Exhibits seasonal abundance in kelp habitats, where it dominantly feeds on Laminaria saccharina (Ref. 118682), Macrocystis integrifolia and Nereocystis luetkeana (Ref. 118689).				
			
			
			
			
			
				Life cycle and mating behavior				
					Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
			
			
				
					Members of the order Neotaenioglossa are mostly gonochoric and broadcast spawners.  Life cycle:  Embryos develop into planktonic trocophore larvae and later into juvenile veligers before becoming fully grown adults.				
			
			
			
			
			
				Dahl, L. 2002 Temporal, spatial and substrate dependent variations of Danish hard-bottom macrofauna. Helgol Mar Res 56:159-168. (Ref. 3140)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						IUCN Red List Status    
						 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				CITES status   (Ref. 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				Threat to humans  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Human uses  
			
			
							
			
			
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Tools
			
			
			
			
				
					More information				
				
					 Population dynamicsGrowthMax. ages / sizesLength-weight rel.Length-length rel.Length-frequenciesMass conversionAbundance   Life cycleReproductionMaturityFecunditySpawningEggsEgg developmentLarvae   PhysiologyOxygen consumption
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  
			 
			
			
			
				Internet sources
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
									
						Preferred temperature  					
				 (Ref. 
115969): 5.7 - 12.5, mean 9.9 (based on 304 cells).			
 
			
			
			
			
			
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						Low vulnerability (10 of 100).					
				
						
						
			
									
						Price category  					
					
					Unknown.