Aves |
Sphenisciformes |
Spheniscidae
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Others. Polar
Indo-Pacific, Atlantic Ocean and the Antarctic.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm Max length : 68.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 8812); max. published weight: 4.4 kg (Ref. 356)
Total population is 6,500,000 pairs. It was observed to increase in numbers and extend it geographical range due to increase in food availability (Ref. 84934). This is a gregarious, bold and aggressive species (Ref. 91362). Pursuit diving (Ref. 356).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Harrison, P. 1987 Seabirds of the world: a photographic guide. Christopher Helm, Hong Kong, 317p. (Ref. 91362)
IUCN Red List Status
(Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
CITES status (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Human uses
| FishSource |
Tools
More information
Population dynamicsGrowthMax. ages / sizesLength-weight rel.Length-length rel.Length-frequenciesMass conversionAbundance Life cycleReproduction
Maturity
Fecundity
Spawning
Eggs
Egg development
Larvae
PhysiologyOxygen consumption
Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Resilience
High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (K=1.27-3.31).
Fishing Vulnerability
Moderate to high vulnerability (47 of 100).
Price category
Unknown.