Common names from other countries
Classification / Names / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 深度上下限 0 - 90 m (Ref. 441). , preferred 27°C (Ref. 107945); 35°N - 24°S, 97°W - 11°E (Ref. 4)
分布
國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | 簡介
Atlantic Ocean.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 8.3, range 7 - 8.1 cm Max length : 45.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4); common length : 20.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4); 最大年齡: 15 年 (Ref. 129472)
Longevity from Ref. 129472 (Supplementary material). Occurs at depths down to 90 m, perhaps even deeper; usually inhabits shallow waters and found among rocks, on reefs, eelgrass beds or in any habitat that provides protection. The species is gregarious and migratory. Females move to deeper water for spawning and there are mass migrations in the autumn when the animals, in single files up to 50 individuals, move in a certain direction in daytime, each animal having body contact with the next through the antennae; In the northern part of its range, larvae are found mainly from June to December (Ref. 4).
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Females move to deeper water for spawning and there are mass migrations in the autumn when the animals, in single files up to 50 individuals, move in a certain direction in daytime, each animal having body contact with the next through the antennae; In the northern part of its range, larvae are found mainly from June to December (Ref. 4).
主要參考資料
參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者
Holthuis, L.B. 1991. (Ref. 4)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
CITES狀態 (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
FAO - 漁業: landings, 魚種描繪 | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | 周邊海洋
工具
網路資源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 23.7 - 28, mean 26.7 (based on 346 cells).
回復力
中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.16-0.39; tm=4).
Prior r = 0.82, 95% CL = 0.54 - 1.23, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
瀕危性
Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
