| Main Ref. | Ruppert, E.E., R.S. Fox and R.D. Barnes, 2004 |
| Mode | |
| Fertilization | external |
| Spawning Frequency | one clear seasonal peak per year |
| Batch Spawner | No |
| Reproductive Guild |
nonguarders Open water/substratum egg scatterers |
| Description of life cycle and mating behavior | Hermaphroditic (Ref. 113712). Mature gametes are shed into the coelenteron and spawned through the mouth. Life cycle: The zygote develops into a planktonic planula larva. Metamorphosis begins with early morphogenesis of tentacles, septa and pharynx before larval settlement on the aboral end (Ref. 833). |
| Search for more references on reproduction | Scirus |