Ecology Summary - Sula sula

Ecology Summary - Sula sula

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Ecology of Sula sula

Main Ref.	SAUP Database, 2006
Remarks	Found <200 m offshore, over deep waters (Ref. 356). Colonial breeder in trees on marine islands. Gregarious; freely approaches ships, undertaking long foraging trips (Ref. 91362). Exhibits plunge diving (Ref. 356). Maturity at past 2 to 3 years (Ref. 91362).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Sula sula may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.	Harrison, P., 1987
Associations	colony-forming/symphorism;
Associated with
Association remarks	Colonial breeder.
Parasitism

feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Karpouzi, V.S., 2005
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Karpouzi, V.S., 2005

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	original sample		unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition
From individual food items	4.40	0.93			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.

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