| Main Ref. | Abele, L.G. and W. Kim, 1986 | 
|---|---|
| Remarks | Pelagic (Ref. 97531). | 
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| Substrate | Pelagic; | 
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Pérez Farfante, I. and B. Kensley, 1997 | 
| Special habitats | Other habitats: seamounts; | 
| Special habitats Ref. | Vereshchaka, A.L., 1990 | 
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism | 
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) | 
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Hopkins, T.L., M.E. Flock, J.V. Gartner and J.J. Torres, 1994 | 
| Feeding habit | |
| Feeding habit Ref. | 
| Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 3.26 | 0.32 | Troph of juv./adults. | ||
| From individual food items | 3.69 | 0.36 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Hopkins, T.L., M.E. Flock, J.V. Gartner and J.J. Torres, 1994 | ||||