Ecology Summary - Phoebastria immutabilis

Ecology Summary - Phoebastria immutabilis

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Ecology of Phoebastria immutabilis

Main Ref.	SAUP Database, 2006
Remarks	Occurs over open ocean (Refs. 356, 122680). Mainly feeds at night and often far from breeding colony. Forages with conspecifics, but rarely with other species. Seizes prey from the surface while sitting on the water. Scavenges on carrion and follows fishing boats. Diet consists mainly of squid as well as deep-water crustaceans, fish and flyingfish eggs (Ref. 122680).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Phoebastria immutabilis may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	State of hawaii, 2020
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	State of hawaii, 2020

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	original sample		unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition
From individual food items	4.19	0.46			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.

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