| Main Ref. | Karpouzi, V.S., 2005 | 
|---|---|
| Remarks | Forms breeding colonies (Ref. 91362). Found over sea and along shores (Ref. 83946). Typically gregarious at sea. Does not typically trail ships. Non-feeding flight erratic; feeding flight strong and direct (Ref. 91362). Exhibits pattering and pursuit-diving (Ref. 81748). | 
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. | 
| Ref. | Harrison, P., 1987 | 
|---|---|
| Associations | colony-forming/symphorism; | 
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | Breeds colonially. | 
| Parasitism | 
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) | 
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Karpouzi, V.S., 2005 | 
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) | 
| Feeding habit Ref. | Karpouzi, V.S., 2005 | 
| Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | |||||
| From individual food items | 3.68 | 0.56 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | |||||