Ecology Summary - Halichoerus grypus

Ecology Summary - Halichoerus grypus

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Ecology of Halichoerus grypus

Main Ref.	Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993
Remarks	Found in coastal areas; they haul-out on isolated beaches and rocky ledges of islands. Feeds on a wide variety of fishes and invertebrates and occasionally take seabirds (Ref. 1394).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Halichoerus grypus may be found.

Habitat

Substrate	Hard Bottom: rocky;
Substrate Ref.	Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.	Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	original sample		unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition	4.50	0.80			Troph of juv./adults.
From individual food items	4.49	0.96			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.	Prime, J.H. and P.S. Hammond, 1990

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