| Main Ref. | Mihara, E., H. Yamaguchi, Y. Ueda and T. Matsuishi, 2005 | 
|---|---|
| Remarks | Adults live on the sand seafloor (Ref. 106884). Inhabits silty bottoms (Ref. 113219). Exhibits cannibalism (Ref. 101157). | 
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| Substrate | Benthic: mobile; Soft Bottom: sand; silt; | 
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Azuma, N., Y. Kunihiro, J. Sasaki, E. Mihara, Y. Mihara, T. Yasunaga, D.H. Jin and S. Abe, 2008 | 
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. | 
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism | 
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) | 
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Chuchukalo, V.I., V.A. Nadtochy, V.N. Koblikov and O.Y. Borilko, 2011 | 
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) | 
| Feeding habit Ref. | Chuchukalo, V.I., V.A. Nadtochy, V.N. Koblikov and O.Y. Borilko, 2011 | 
| Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 3.39 | 0.39 | Troph of juv./adults. | ||
| From individual food items | 3.47 | 0.43 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Chuchukalo, V.I., V.A. Nadtochy, V.N. Koblikov and O.Y. Borilko, 2011 | ||||