| Main Ref. | Kramp, P.L., 1961 | 
|---|---|
| Remarks | 
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| Substrate | Pelagic; | 
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. | 
| Ref. | Purcell, J.E. and M.N. Arai, 2001 | 
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | Zaprora silenus | 
| Association remarks | Also with Merlangius merlangus and Trachurus trachurus. | 
| Parasitism | 
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) | 
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Barz, K. and H.J. Hirche, 2007 | 
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) | 
| Feeding habit Ref. | Barz, K. and H.J. Hirche, 2007 | 
| Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | |||||
| From individual food items | 3.35 | 0.36 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | |||||