Ecology Summary - Clangula hyemalis
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Ecology of Clangula hyemalis
 
Main Ref. Sea Duck Joint Venture, 2003
Remarks Primarily lives in coastal marine waters approximately 9 months in a year. During breeding season, it frequents shallow wetlands towards the edge of the boreal forest; while non-breeding birds use deeper ponds, lakes and nearshore marine areas. Winter along the Pacific coast from the Bering Sea to as far as California; and some from Alaska may reach the northern Bering Sea across to Russia Foraging behavior involves diving and swimming underwater up to a depth of less than 9 meters. This duck has been recorded to dive up to 60 meters (Ref. 83519). Common diving depth is 2-3 m (9-10 ft) (Ref. 115862).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

Marine - Neritic Marine - Oceanic Brackishwater Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies
  • supra-littoral zone
  • littoral zone
  • sublittoral zone
  • epipelagic
  • mesopelagic
  • epipelagic
  • abyssopelagic
  • hadopelagic
  • estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas
  • mangroves
  • marshes/swamps
  • rivers/streams
  • lakes/ponds
  • caves
  • exclusively in caves
Highighted items on the list are where Clangula hyemalis may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

संदर्भ
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

feeding

Feeding type mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref. Sea Duck Joint Venture, 2003
Feeding habit hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref. Sea Duck Joint Venture, 2003

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method original sample unfished population टिप्पणी
Troph s.e. Troph s.e.
From diet composition
From individual food items 3.41 0.42 Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
संदर्भ
Ref. [ e.g. 3742]
Glossary [ e.g. cnidaria]
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