| Main Ref. | Turgeon, D.D., J.F. Quinn Jr., A.E. Bogan, E.V. Coan, F.G. Hochberg, W.G. Lyons, P.M. Mikkelsen, R.J. Neves, C.F.E. Roper, G. Rosenberg, B. Roth, A. Scheltema, F.G. Thompson, M. Vecchione and J.D. Willams, 1998 | 
|---|---|
| Remarks | Attaches to hard substrata. Often found in estuaries (Ref. 108771). Byssate, epibiotic (Ref. 104365). Feeds on inorganic particles, vascular plant detritus, diatoms and other phytoplankton (Ref. 108780). | 
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies | 
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| Substrate | Benthic; Hard Bottom; | 
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Barber, B.J., J.S. Fajans, S.M. Baker and P. Baker, 2005 | 
| Special habitats | Coral Reefs; | 
| Special habitats Ref. | Vittor, B.A., 2002 | 
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism | 
| Feeding type | mainly plants/detritus (troph. 2-2.19) | 
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Ruppert, E.E., R.S. Fox and R.D. Barnes, 2004 | 
| Feeding habit | filtering plankton | 
| Feeding habit Ref. | Ruppert, E.E., R.S. Fox and R.D. Barnes, 2004 | 
| Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 2.00 | 0.00 | Troph of juv./adults. | ||
| From individual food items | 2.00 | 0.00 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Odum, W.E. and E.J. Heald, 1972 | ||||