Ecology Summary - Clangula hyemalis

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Ecology of Clangula hyemalis

Main Ref.	Sea Duck Joint Venture, 2003
Remarks	Primarily lives in coastal marine waters approximately 9 months in a year. During breeding season, it frequents shallow wetlands towards the edge of the boreal forest; while non-breeding birds use deeper ponds, lakes and nearshore marine areas. Winter along the Pacific coast from the Bering Sea to as far as California; and some from Alaska may reach the northern Bering Sea across to Russia Foraging behavior involves diving and swimming underwater up to a depth of less than 9 meters. This duck has been recorded to dive up to 60 meters (Ref. 83519). Common diving depth is 2-3 m (9-10 ft) (Ref. 115862).

Main Ref.

Sea Duck Joint Venture, 2003

Remarks

Primarily lives in coastal marine waters approximately 9 months in a year. During breeding season, it frequents shallow wetlands towards the edge of the boreal forest; while non-breeding birds use deeper ponds, lakes and nearshore marine areas. Winter along the Pacific coast from the Bering Sea to as far as California; and some from Alaska may reach the northern Bering Sea across to Russia Foraging behavior involves diving and swimming underwater up to a depth of less than 9 meters. This duck has been recorded to dive up to 60 meters (Ref. 83519). Common diving depth is 2-3 m (9-10 ft) (Ref. 115862).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Clangula hyemalis may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Sea Duck Joint Venture, 2003
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Sea Duck Joint Venture, 2003

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	original sample		unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition
From individual food items	3.41	0.42			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.

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