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Carnivora |
Phocidae
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Écologie
Bathydémersal. Temperate; 90°N - 0°S, 180°W - 180°E
Distribution
Pays | Zones FAO | Écosystèmes | Occurrences | Introductions
Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, the Arctic and North America Inland Waters: Portugal, Iceland, Greenland, Canada Newfoundland, Spain, France, Belgium, Ireland, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden Lithuania, Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Russia, UK, USA, Canada, Mexico, Alaska, Japan, Kamchatka (Ref. 1394), Br Scotland, Madeira, British Columbia, Kuril Island, Sea of Okhotsk, Gulf of California, Baltic Sea, Barents Sea, Hudson Bay (Ref. 1522); Phoca vitulina vitulina: Portugal, UK, Iceland, Greenland, Br Scotland, Norway, Madeira, Baltic Sea, Barents Sea; Phoca vitulina concolor: Canada, Hudson Bay, USA, Greenland, Iceland; Phoca vitulina richardii: Mexico, Alaska, British Columbia, USA, Gulf of California; Phoca vitulina stejnegeri: Japan, Kamchatka, Alaska, Sea of Okhotsk, Kuril Island; Phoca vitulina mellonae: Hudson Bay, James Bay. Temperate to polar regions.
Length at first maturity / Taille / Poids / Âge
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm Max length : 190 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 1394); 170 cm TL (female); poids max. publié: 150.0 kg (Ref. 1394); poids max. publié: 150.0 kg
Found in coastal waters of the continental shelf and slope (Ref. 1394); and whelp in groups on beaches, sandbars, and rocky reefs (Ref. 1522). Feeds on a wide variety of fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans of surface, mid-water and benthic habitats (Ref. 1394). It is preyed upon by the great white shark (Ref. 32140). Found in coastal waters of the continental shelf and slope (Ref. 1394); and whelp in groups on beaches, sandbars, and rocky reefs (Ref. 1522). Also for resting, moulting and lactation during low tides. Typically perform U-shaped dives. Leave the coast on foraging trips to deeper offshore waters where prey is abundant (Ref. 96347). Feeds on a wide variety of fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans of surface, mid-water and benthic habitats (Ref. 1394).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturité | Reproduction | Frai | Œufs | Fécondité | Larves
Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber. 1993. (Ref. 1394)
Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435)
statut CITES (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Menace pour l'homme
Utilisations par l'homme
Pêcheries: commercial
FAO - pêcheries: landings, species profile | FishSource | Sea Around Us
Outils
Sources Internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 3.4 - 11.2, mean 8.7 (based on 1375 cells).
Résilience
Milieu, temps minimum de doublement de population : 1,4 à 4,4 années (K=0.09-0.4).
Vulnérabilité
High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Catégorie de prix
Unknown.
